Hi. Chikondi Kanama over here. Sorry that I have not blogged for so long that this is my second and last blog about the 2017 Lemelson Internship at Poly. Thanks to Veronica and Emily who made me feel obliged to take the responsibility to update everyone on what I have been doing.

As elicited in my earlier blog, Serena Agrawal and I have been working on the project aimed at designing and manufacturing stands for 40 bili-lights available in the studio so that the devices can be safely and effectively used in Malawian hospitals.

In the second week of the internship week we visited two Central and two District Hospitals, trying to collect data necessary for the respective projects we were assigned.

With respect to our project, we got the following feedback in summary:

•     Nurses expressed dire need for the bili-lights for phototherapy against jaundice
• Nurses wanted the light to swivel side ways  to create more space when they need to access the baby in the cot
• The hospitals have different kinds of cots (plastic cots, wooden cots and the hot cot, which is basically a wooden plastic cot with a top transparent cover)

In response to the feedback and considering engineering constraints, we brainstormed possible designs and then exploited the resources generously provided in the studio to go through a number of prototype iterations before arriving at the final version we have. However, considering that we are dealing with a weight suspended over the body of a neonate, we have been much concerned with safety tests, thereby pushing mass manufacturing beyond the time scope of the internship.

Nevertheless, the internship has been a wonderful experience. I have acquired practical skills that have helped cement the engineering theory I have so that I have been part of a team that addressed real life health problems. Thank God for the wonderful workmate Serena Agrawal; may she become the great engineer as she wishes. Gratitude also to all 2017 Lemelson Polytechnic interns and Matthew Petney as well as the entire Poly Design Studio staff for always being there for us: we appeared great because great people were in the background.

Finally, may Rice University, the Malawi Polytechnic and Lemelson foundation feel it that their efforts shall perpetually transform engineering students as well as the Malawian Health Sector for the better.

A three days visit to Malamulo Mission Hospital and another two days to Mulanje Mission Hospital have been not only extremely rewarding but also an insight to hypothermia, oxygen concentrator and other devices of interest. Besides being excited with visiting wards like Labour, Delivery, Postnatal, Nursery, children and Theatre both at Malamulo and Mulanje Mission Hospitals, sharing the challenges faced by nurses and patients in these wards, was another key aspect as a bioengineer. Managing life immediately after birth to the level that the baby manages itself, suffers great complications. We have learned from the nurses both at Malamulo and Mulanje Mission Hospitals that Temperature changes immediately after birth, premature birth, neonatal Low birth weight, apnea, hypothermia, lungs failure and babies’ failure to suckle are a few common challenges faced by babies. Failure to control or treat any of these complications will lead to neonatal death. We also learned that delaying to treat or lack of proper treating devices, failure to use the devices or any treatment interruption may lead to serious complications or even death. I really wondered how neonatal survives in technology free areas. The experiences gave me enthusiasm to do more and saves lives. My conscious was not right when there was a Escom low voltages at Malamulo hospital during our visit and an oxygen concentrator device administered on the baby had to be stopped to avoid power fluctuations until the power stabilized. It was a bad experience but as an engineer, I had to face these challenges and think of solutions with the right heart and mind. Indeed, It’s good to share life experiences for a better tomorrow.

Last week, I had the privilege to travel with Sam, Allysha, Norman (from the Ministry of Health), and Elled (from CHAM) to six more hospitals in southern Malawi. It was interesting seeing and comparing the government-run district hospitals with the church-run Christian hospitals. Below you will find information about the current neonatal services offered at each hospital, as well as, visions for furthering strengthening and design of neonatal wards.

For reference, Malawi has set the following national goals for mortality, which we hope to help reach with renovations, trainings, and improved care:

Maternal         155/100,000    0.155%

Neonatal         12/1,000          1.2%

Infant              45/1,000          0.45%

Under 5           78/1,000          0.78%

 

Malamulo Seventh-Day Adventist Hospital is located 65 kilometers southeast of Blantyre in Thyolo District, one of the poorest districts in Malawi. The average income of residents is less than $1 a day. The hospital serves a far range of villages and is located at the center of a rural landscape encompassing miles of bright tea plantations. The hospital itself is quite beautiful and serves many. In fact, according to the CEO at Malamulo, 40% of Malawians receive healthcare from non-government hospitals. Therefore, it is our goal to provide access to neonatal care in as many hospitals as possible, no matter how far-reaching some are.

The leaders of the hospital informed us that although Malamulo has excellent facilities, it does not have a nursery. Although they have only faced two maternal deaths in the last 2 years, they have endured dozens of infant deaths. Each month, Malamulo serves 140-150 babies; the health professionals admitted that they tend to lose many of the sick babies because they do not have access to resources for adequate and sustainable neonatal care. Currently, Malamulo does not have phototherapy lights, heaters, transfusion machines, etc. and sick babies are placed with their mothers in the KMC room. Babies that need bCPAP do have access, but often the hospital runs short of supplies needed to maintain the bCPAP, being that the hospital is so remote. The hospital also needs more nurses and has the funding for them, yet it is difficult to recruit nurses in the rural setting. Malamulo created a previous plan for a nursery, but it was not completed – now, we hope to make their plan a reality and renovate a space that will serve thousands of babies in years to come.

 

Mulanje Mission Hospital is a mission hospital of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian and is located in a rural region near Mount Mulanje. Mulanje Mission has been renovating and refurbishing wards to provide better quality services for patients over the last decade – this includes renovating the neonatal ward successfully. Norman Lufesi, Program Manager for the Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) program at the Ministry of Health, plans to publish a story showcasing the success of the neonatal ward renovations and consequent improvement in neonatal mortality. While we were there, we witnessed a baby born 600 g discharged and sent home healthy, as well as a baby born 700 g surviving well on bCPAP – how terrific and commendable is that?

Although Mulanje Mission has already invested resources and care into neonatal health, they are missing a few essential resources that could improve neonatal mortality even more so. The hospital leaders would like a second bCPAP machine, new heaters, oxygen splitters, and recessitation equipment to better serve sick neonates. Moreover, the phototherapy unit is currently broken and requires repair. We plan to equip the hospital with these necessary equipment and repairs within the coming weeks.

The Hospital Director also graciously provided us with helpful tips for renovations of the other hospitals. She emphasized the benefit of extra insulation in the ceiling to reduce electricity costs. Electricity for the rather small neonatal room at Mulanje Mission used to cost about $1 million kwacha (about $192.50 dollars) per month in order to maintain an ideal temperature of 30 degrees C (86 degrees F) to prevent hypothermia. Now, they are paying less than half of that to power the space. She also taught us that beyond a new space and equipment most important is regular, accurate training and equipping of doctors and nurses. She shared that this is what’s made a huge impact for Mulanje Mission.

 

Mulanje District Hospital is located nearby Mulanje Mission but serves a different area of Mulanje which is more populous and urban. At Mulanje District, the leaders at the hospital admit that they “make do” with the nursery they have, for it is extremely small for the numbers of babies they typically serve a day. Sometimes, they are serving up to 12 babies at once. They informed us that some of the biggest issues, besides size, with the current nursery are 1) heating, 2) new healthcare workers coming in who are not trained to use equipment for neonatal care, 3) lack of space established for KMC, and 4) the lack of repair of the bCPAP machine. We hope to fix each of these issues and create spaces that will serve as many sick babies as possible.

We spoke to Mulanje District about the possibility of installing solar panels to store electricity for heating and equipment use, and hope to do this for each of the hospitals if we can find extra funding from environmental agencies in Malawi. We will also ensure that Mulanje District has more frequent check-ups and trainings for the bCPAP and other technologies.

 

Holy Family Mission Hospital, located in Phalombe at the foot of Mulanje Mountain, has done an excellent job decreasing neonatal mortality in the last 10 years. According to leaders at the hospital, infant mortality was 39% in 2005, and in reference to a report from June-Dec 2015, the mortality has decreased to one-tenth of what it was in 2005: 3.9%. Holy Family has 8 beds for KMC, but no nursery and according to staff, KMC is often full. Presently, babies are situated in the Labor ward, and share oxygen concentrators, heaters, etc. with laboring mothers. Thankfully, space is available for a nursery which can serve 10-12 babies, and the leaders seemed excited to welcome this new innovation.

An important consideration in creating the renovation plans is having distinct spaces for infectious babies from the communities and babies born in the hospital who are sick and immediately delivered to the neonatal space upon birth. Mixing these populations in a single space could cause significant infection and mortality, which is certainly avoidable with conscious design. Lots of referrals come to Holy Family for neonatal care and unfortunately, most outcomes are not very good. We hope to work with hospital staff to design a healthy and accessible space for improved care for all babies.

 

Trinity Hospital – Muona is next to Nafafa in Nsanje District near the Mozambique border. Trinity serves about 130 babies a month and 10-15 pre-mature babies each month. According to leaders at the hospital, during a 3-month period from January to March 2016, there were many neonatal deaths and the highest cause of death was birth asphyxia. Leaders at Trinity described neonatal care as “not adequate,” and are very eager to improve care. The District Health Officer (DHO) said, “We have to take care of the little ones – everything else comes afterwards.”

Because there is not a specified nursery at this time, maternal beds are used as neonatal beds. The hospital also does not have access to enough incubators, oxygen concentrators, or phototherapy machines at this time. Leaders at Trinity told us that there are typically 5-6 critically ill babies each month born within the hospital and another 5-6 sick babies born outside of the hospital who need extensive neonatal care. These leaders had the idea to create separate spaces for those babies who are critically ill and those babies which are almost ready to go home for infection control purposes.

They also explained that the power goes out about 3 times a week for over 2 hours at a time. They have a generator but it was donated in 1967 and no longer functions properly. The leaders of the hospital told us that some solar panels are actually already installed, but the energy is only being used to heat water. They would like more solar panels in order to store energy and utilize it during frequent power outages. This spurred our idea to equip each of the nurseries with solar panels if financially feasible so that each neonatal ward can continue to run when the power goes out, which will hopefully save many future newborn lives.

 

Chickwawa District Hospital’s neonatal ward renovation plan is already under-way. The hospital has hired an architect, a structural engineer, a civil engineer, and an electrical engineer to create the nursery. We will be collaborating with these professionals in order to coordinate optimal equipment placement within the new space. Another big need is modification and insulation of windows in several of the proposed neonatal ward spaces across the country. Being that the nursery must be kept very warm and low temperature/hypothermia is a major cause of mortality, we will work with the hospitals to select windows which will let in natural lighting but prevent the escape of warm air. Chickwawa District Hospital would also like to tile the entire space, including KMC, in order to improve infection control.

We look forward to working with these hospitals further on their renovation plans. We have begun creating budgets together for construction and equipment and are talking with architects and contractors in the area who are interested in assisting in the renovations. I am excited for this opportunity and all that is to come. My favorite part of these ward assessments has been meeting and learning from diverse leaders at each of the hospitals who are so willing to share their ideas and experiences, then work tirelessly to ensure the well-being of their little but oh so important patients.

 

 

Though I developed interest to start working with medical devices, I lacked exposure and hands on experiences in biomedical engineering devices. Poly-Rice biomedical internship programme has uplifted me to greater height. Hypothermia and Oxygen concentration device are the main project areas that we are concentrating. As a team, we are eager to identify and address problems related to hypothermia and an oxygen concentrator device.

Our first week to the project was spent in researching and understanding about hypothermia causes, symptoms, prevention and its line of treatment as well as getting familiarization with an oxygen concentrator device airflow, components functionality and general service maintenance as per device operations manual. We interacted and went out to buy some tools necessary for the project activities and prepared guide line document to necessitate our data collections in the targeted district hospitals. We then measured our preparations and competent by visiting Queens Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) and while there, I was privileged to visit Chatinkha ward for the first time in my life and I had a chance to interview a nurse who was treating a new born baby. The nurse was very cooperative and that gave me courage and more confidence. Finally, we visited PAM Office where we met Mike Nkosi, technician working with Oxygen concentrators and it was a wonderful moment meeting him. With Mike, we worked to troubleshoot a failing oxygen concentrator and indeed it was nice working with him. For the one hour we interacted, he gave me confident that all things are possible if and only if I’m optimistic with what I am doing and he has shown interest to instill hands on experience in me when I asked if I could join him in my free time to learn more about oxygen concentrators. Having reached this far, I’m enjoying being part of the biomedical engineering team working at Poly for Poly Rice internship programme and I’m even more eager to work with the current biomedical devices in Malawi as I find ways of improving their working efficiencies by identifying ideas which would bring in design solutions, automation and effectiveness.

The ELMA Foundation is providing us with funds to renovate several neonatal wards in hospitals throughout Malawi. Our first ward assessment was Nsanje Hospital at the southern tip of Malawi. Last Wednesday, a team of us travelled about 2.5 hours to visit with the CPAP supervisor, doctors and nurses working in the neonatal ward, and maintenance supervisors at Nsanje to discuss expansion and renovation of the nursery. Below is a plan of the existing neonatal ward; it is 18 m² in size.

The healthcare workers at Nsanje desire the following changes to improve neonatal care:

1. Ability to accommodate 10-15 babies instead of 6
2. 3 phototherapy machines for babies suffering from jaundice
3. 2 incubators for premature babies
4. 2 heaters to keep babies warm
5. 2 working oxygen concentrators
6. 2 bCPAP machines
7. A small bathroom, including a toilet, sink, and tiled-flooring
8. A medicine cabinet
9. A closet to keep sanitary gowns and boots
10. Waiting area for families
11. Connection to KMC
12. Nurses’ working station
13. Beds for mothers staying overnight
14. Complete infection control

Below is our solution, which addresses each of the prescribed visions, is conscious of budget, and optimizes use of the existing architecture. The new nursery will be over double the size of the old one with an area of 39 m².  Doctors and nurses will be able to serve 12 babies at once comfortably and have all of the technologies they need to keep the babies alive to the best of their abilities. Mothers will also be well taken care of with open bunk beds, space to feed their baby on the couches, plus direct access to KMC. We look forward to the construction process and seeing the nursery transform within the coming weeks to better serve its tiny, worthy patients.

Off to perform ward assessments in Mulanje tomorrow, and Chickwawa on Wednesday!

Sunday – just the sound of the word makes my heart sing. In the States, I typically spend my Sundays going to church, then working incessantly into the night to prepare for whatever the week holds ahead. I have spent too many Sundays anxiously slaving over small things in retrospect. Today, I decided to spend Sunday being, observing, singing and serving.

Before I tell you about today, I must tell you about this week. I have been served over and over again by so many this week. I developed a disease, which led to many symptoms of cholera. The night when the infection was at its worst, I hit my head hard in the shower, which led to a severe headache and dizziness for days. I still feel slightly disoriented, but with each day, the pain and confusion is slipping away. I slept nearly 36 hours straight a couple days ago. Afterwards, I was feeling better, but not well enough to work, run, or even eat normally yet. I cried silent tears of pain, wanting to be out there serving again, but also tears of joy, entirely grateful for the friends and family here and at home who poured out their love to me and didn’t leave my side.

This morning, I was finally feeling well enough to exercise (or so I thought), so Kinsey and I started an Insanity workout. After about 5 cycles of exercises, I was ready to fall into bed and I did after eating a little something to ease the feeling of semi-consciousness. I woke up shortly after feeling new. I wanted to clean (shocking, right?) Well, I didn’t actually want to clean, but I wanted to serve and sing, and what better way to do both than do the dishes, am I right? Every day, “Queen,” a gentle and spirited Malawian woman comes to clean our kitchen and bathroom and fix anything that is broken (I witnessed this while I was sick – I would have never realized who this angel cleaning up our mess was otherwise). And so, this morning, while I was singing and cleaning the dishes, in walks Queen. She said to me, “it’s okay, I will clean,” with a smile, and I just smiled back. We did them together and sang together – it was beautiful and the dishes were done in half the time.

After Queen left, I went outside in our backyard with my laptop, ready to catch up on work from the week. There is a sweet family who lives in a small house at the corner of our backyard. There are many young children, and they are always up to chores for the household. This morning, their task was laundry. As I write, I am watching them carry buckets on their heads from the outdoor tap, dunk and wring out their clothes, and hang them to dry. Now that they’ve finished laundry, the three of them are rolling around on a blanket in the grass, waiting for ensigma to finish cooking on a homemade stove, giggling each time I glance their way. What a beautiful reminder of the simple joy of Sunday and the sweetness of the moment – so very grateful.

As I flew from Washington, D.C. to Johannesburg, anticipation, excitement, and overwhelming gratitude grew for the opportunity to serve as a Rice 360 Intern in Blantyre, Malawi this summer. Our team is working at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) starting on Monday. We each have our individual technical skills and strengths, and are driven by our passion for global health and service. As an architecture student interested in both sustainable design and medicine, I look forward to the unique opportunity to combine my interests and use them to serve at QECH.

We are collaborating with the ELMA Foundation, the University of Malawi College of Medicine, USAID Saving Lives at Birth (SLAC), and the USAID Mission in Malawi to help improve efficiency of and accessibility to neonatal care. Projective architectural plans will inform the public government-funded and church-funded (CHAM) hospitals of the basic capacities for sustainable neonatal care and identify target wards for further strengthening and design. While we are mapping the hospitals, we will also be supplying the bCPAP technology developed by Rice students and faculty, in hope that all Malawian babies who are struggling to breathe will have access.

We will be spending our first week acclimating to the hospital setting, learning from healthcare providers, fellow students and patients, and keeping our eyes open for needs that are not yet being met so that we can begin creating feasible sustainable solutions. I will be posting about twice a week for 8 weeks, and look forward to sharing this experience with you! I would like to thank each of the members of the Rice 360 Advisory Board and Faculty for their support and generosity.

Welcome Week is over! It was a whirlwind of a week, but I think the students really enjoyed it and learned a lot along the way. I think the best part of the week, and one I hope they can continue in future Welcome Weeks, was how we incorporated a team design challenge throughout the week as a way for the students to learn about the engineering design process. Their challenge was to build a phototherapy light stand for the BabyLights that are currently used at QECH to treat jaundice in babies. This project was really cool because not only did it affect people literally a 10 minute walk down the street from the Poly students, but the BabyLights themselves were actually designed and built by faculty at the Poly. It was a great chance for the students to see a demonstrated need in their immediate community and to see how their skills and the skills they will acquire can be put to use.

Based on some final day surveys we took, it seems like most everyone’s favorite lecture was Introducing Design Criteria. The students all seemed to have a very intuitive grasp on design criteria sort of as rules that you set for your design. We (all of the Poly and Rice interns) walked around and helped the various teams develop their ideas further with quantifiable, testable measures of success, but most of the concepts for the design criteria came directly from the new students. Here’s a picture of one of the teams that did an especially good job:

Another cool thing about the challenge we chose and the Poly’s location is that we got to take the new students on a tour of QECH. They saw PAM, Chatinka nursery, Pediatrics, and Orthopedics. It was a chance for them to see medical devices in use at the hospital and to begin thinking about the way engineers and health care workers interact. But it was also a chance for them to see the ways they could make a big impact. One of the students told me he expected to see one, or maybe two broken machines at PAM. He was shocked to see the dozens upon dozens of machines in desperate need of repair and was beginning to see how he could build a career upon it.

On the last day of Welcome Week, all of the teams got a chance to make a short presentation about their projects. By this point they had all prototyped a low fidelity stand, and so each of the teams was able to present on the problem, their design criteria, decision making process, final solution, and any rough iteration or testing they performed as well. It was a really great way to wrap up the week; I was especially impressed by all the questions the students asked each other at the end of the presentations and how well the teams responded.

Sarah, Emily and I are optimistic and hopeful about the possibility of this kind of orientation week continuing for many years to come, but as for this year I think we can confidently say we met our four goals of introducing the students to the Polytechnic, building a network of peers, understanding the skills necessary to be a BME and exploring some of the career options of a BME.